Palatal Lateral Approximant Information
The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩ (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ⟨λ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
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Features
Features of the palatal lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aymara | llaki | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | bonbilla | [bombiʎa] | 'bulb' | ||
| Catalan[1] | ull | [ˈuʎ] | 'eye' | Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology | |
| Enindhilyagwa | angalya | [aŋaʎa] | 'place' | ||
| Faroese | fylgja | [fɪʎd͡ʒa] | 'to follow' | ||
| Franco-Provençal | balyi | [baʎi] | 'give' | ||
| Galician | ollo | [ˈoʎo] | 'eye' | Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish. | |
| Greek | λιακάδα/lyakádha | [ʎaˈkaða] | 'sunshine' | See Modern Greek phonology. | |
| Hungarian | Northern dialects[2] | lyuk | [ˈʎuk] | 'hole' | Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging the old phoneme of "ly" into that of "j". See Hungarian ly. |
| Italian[3] | figlio | [ˈfiʎːo] | 'son' | See Italian phonology. | |
| Korean | 실례/sillye | [ɕilʎe] | 'discourtesy' | Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology | |
| Leonese | llibru | [ˈʎiβɾu] | 'book' | ||
| Macedonian | љубов | [ʎubov] | 'love' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[4] | alle | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology. |
| Portuguese[5] | olho | [ˈoʎu] | 'eye' | See Portuguese phonology. | |
| Occitan | miralhar | [miraˈʎa] | 'to reflect' | ||
| Gascon | hilh | [hiʎ] | 'son' | ||
| Quechua[6] | qallu | [qaʎu] | 'tongue' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic[7] | till | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | љуљaшка/ljuljaška | [ʎǔʎaːʃka] | 'swing (seat)' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | piyl | [piʎ] | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | ľúbiť | [ˈʎuːbɪc] | 'to love' | ||
| Spanish[8] | millón | [miˈʎo̞n] | 'million' | For most speakers this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. | |
| Ukrainian | ліс | [ʎis] | 'forest' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ BENKŐ Loránd; IMRE Samu (ed.): The Hungarian Language. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, No. 134. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter (1972).
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:149)
- ^ Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Olso. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
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